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You are here: Home / Scintillator Products / BGO

BGO

Bismuth germanate (Bi4Ge3O12 or BGO) has been extensively studied because its interesting luminescent properties, like short decay time, photo, radioluminescence and the two-photon absorption property under the high-power laser at the wavelength of visible waveband. These properties make BGO suitable to be applied as scintillators in medicine, in geological explorations, nuclear physics, high energy physics and nonlinear optical field.

BGO Scintillator Crystal—A crystal used for high energy physics with nonlinear effects

As a novel generation of scintillation crystals, BGO shows the superior characteristics including high density, well chemical resistance, fine energy resolution, large refractive index, non-hygroscopic nature and high mechanical strength, which make it utilized in high energy physics experiments like the large electron-positron collider in CERN. It is worth noting that the BGO scintillating crystals as the direct medium for the possible annihilation of dark matter (energetic electrons and gamma rays) play an important role in the dark matter detection. In addition, compared with conventional nonlinear optical crystals, BGO exhibits three- and five-order non- linear absorption response in the visible and infrared optical band, respectively. It performed as well as the other excellent nonlinear optical materials in the nonlinear optical field due to its large nonlinear coefficient. Besides, as the typical photorefractive crystal, BGO crystal is of certain interest in view of its diverse application in opto- electronics and laser physics, such as four-wave frequency mixing and optical switching.

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Parameter

Material Features
Chemical formulaBi4Ge3O12
Mohs hardness (Mho)5
Melting point (℃)1044
HygroscopicityNo
Cleavage planeNo
Density (g/cm3)7.13
Solubility (g/100gH2O)N/A
Thermal expansion coeff (C-1)7*10-6
Thermal conductivity coeff (W/mk)11.72
Scintillator Properties
Wavelength(Max. Emission) (nm)480
Wavelength range (nm)375~650
Decay time (ns)300
Light yield (photons/keV)8~10
Refractive index2.15
Energy resolution (%)12
Radiation length (cm)1.118
Optical transmission (um)0.15-12.5
Transmittance (%)>90(0.35-9um)
Reflection loss/surface (%)6.80
Afterglow (%)0.005@3 ms
Neutron capture cross-section (bams)1.47
Photoelectron yield [% of NaI(Tl)] (for γ-rays)15 – 20
Spertrum
Feature
Application
Reference
News
Feature
  • Short decay time
  • Fine energy resolution
  • High density
  • Large refractive index
  • Non-hygroscopic nature
  • Large nonlinear coefficient
Application
  • Positron tomograph
  • High energy physics experiments
  • Large electron-positron collider
  • Four-wave frequency mixing
  • Optical switching
  • Dark matter detection
Reference
[1]  Valais I ,  Michail C ,  David S , et al. A comparative study of the luminescence properties of LYSO:Ce, LSO:Ce, GSO:Ce and BGO single crystal scintillators for use in medical X-ray imaging[J]. Phys Med, 2008, 24(2):122-125.
[2]  Takahashi H ,  Yonetani M ,  Matsuoka M , et al. A thermal-neutron detector with a phoswich system of LiCaAlF6 and BGO crystal scintillators onboard PoGOLite[C]// Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS/MIC), 2010 IEEE. IEEE, 2010.
[3] Cho, Z, H, et al. Analysis of a Cylindrical Hybrid Positron Camera with Bismuth Germanate (BGO) Scintillation Crystals[J]. Nuclear Science IEEE Transactions on, 1978.
[4]  Nan Z ,  Thompson C J ,  Togane D , et al. Anode position and last dynode timing circuits for dual-layer BGO scintillator with PS-PMT based modular PET detectors[J]. Nuclear Science IEEE Transactions on, 2002, 49(5):2203-2207.
[5]  Cherry S R ,  Shao Y ,  Tornai M P , et al. Collection of scintillation light from small BGO crystals[J]. Nuclear Science IEEE Transactions on, 1995, 42(4):1058-1063.
[6]  Limkitjaroenporn P ,  Sangwaranatee N ,  Chaiphaksa W , et al. Comparative Studies of the Light Yield Non-Proportionality and Energy Resolution of CsI(Tl), LYSO and BGO Scintillation Crystals[C]// Materials Science Forum. 2016.
[7]  Gierlik M ,  Batsch T ,  Moszynski M , et al. Comparative study of large NaI(Tl) and BGO scintillators for the EURopean illicit TRAfficking countermeasures kit project[J]. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 2006, 53(3):1737-1743.
[8]  Karp J S ,  Daube-Witherspoon M E . Depth-of-interaction determination in NaI(Tl) and BGO scintillation crystals using a temperature gradient[J]. Nuclear Inst & Methods in Physics Research A, 1987, 260(2-3):509-517.
[9]  Grozdanov D N ,  Aliyev F A ,  Hramco C , et al. Determination of Moisture Content in Coke with 239Pu–Be Neutron Source and BGO Scintillation Gamma Detector[J]. Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters, 2018, 15(2):157-163.
[10] H Z, Cho, and,等. Development of multilayer hybrid computed tomographic system using BGO scintillation crystals[J]. International Journal of Nuclear Medicine & Biology, 1978.
[11]  Haak G M ,  Christensen N L ,  Hammer B E . Experimental studies on the angular distribution of scintillation light from small BGO crystals[J]. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, 1997, 390(1-2):191-197.
[12]  Sasano M ,  Nishioka H ,  Okuyama S , et al. Geometry dependence of the light collection efficiency of BGO crystal scintillators read out by avalanche photo diodes[J]. Nuclear Inst & Methods in Physics Research A, 2013, 715(jul.1):105-111.
[13]  Georgii R ,  Mei?L R ,  Hajdas W , et al. Influence of radiation damage on BGO scintillation properties[J]. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, 1998, 413(1):50-58.
[14]  Phunpueok A ,  Thongpool V ,  Chaiphaksa W . Interaction of 662 keV Gamma Rays with LYSO(Ce) and BGO Single Crystal Scintillators[J]. Key Engineering Materials, 2016, 675-676:764-767.
[15]  Adam I ,  Blascheck K ,  Belov M V , et al. Investigation of the characteristics of an e, φ scintillation spectrometer with a BGO crystal for energies of 0.5–100 MeV[J].  1990, 69(4):868-872.
[16]  Valenciaga Y ,  Prout D L ,  Chatziioannou A F . Investigation of the effects of scintillator pixel shape, surface treatment and optical coupling on the performance of Si-PM based BGO detectors[J]. IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium conference record. Nuclear Science Symposium, 2013.
[17]  Glasow R ,  Kampert K H ,  Lhner H , et al. Light particle detection by BGO scintillators with photodiode readout – ScienceDirect[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1985, 228( 2–3):354-358.
[18]  Chaiphaksa W ,  Boonyopakorn N ,  Kaewkhao J , et al. Light Yield Non-Proportionality and Energy Resolution of BGO and CsI(Tl) Scintillation Crystals[J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2014, 979:285-288.
[19]  Goyot M ,  Ille B ,  Lebrun P , et al. Performances of a preamplifier-silicon photodiode readout system associated with large BGO crystal scintillators[J]. Nuclear Inst & Methods in Physics Research A, 1986, 263(1):180-187.
[20]  Kune H ,  Watanabe T ,  Iida M , et al. Photomultiplier Tubes for BaF2/BGO Crystal Scintillators[J]. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 2007, 33(1):364-369.
[21]  Gonzalez A J ,  Sanchez F ,  Majewski S , et al. Pilot Studies With BGO Scintillators Coupled to Low-Noise, Large-Area, SiPM Arrays[J]. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 2016, 63(5):1-5.
[22]  Wei Z Y ,  Zhu R Y ,  Newman H , et al. Radiation resistance and fluorescence of europium doped BGO crystals[J]. Nuclear Inst & Methods in Physics Research A, 1990, 297(1-2):163-168.
[23]  Drozdowski W ,  Wojtowicz A J ,  Kaczmarek S M , et al. Scintillation yield of Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) pixel crystals[J]. Physica B Condensed Matter, 2010, 405(6):1647-1651.
[24]  Gusev V A ,  Ivannikova N V ,  Kupriyanov I N , et al. The effect of radiation damage on optical and scintillation properties of BGO crystals grown by the LTG Cz technique[J]. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, 2002, 486(1-2):350-354.
[25]  Barnes R . The influence of impurities on the quality of bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillator crystals[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 1984, 69(2-3):248-252.
[26]  Zhuravleva M ,  Chani V I ,  Yanagida T , et al. The micro-pulling-down growth of Bi 4Si 3O 12 (BSO) and Bi 4Ge 3O 12 (BGO) fiber crystals and their scintillation efficiency[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2008, 310(7-9):2152-2156.
[27] The radiation hard BGO crystals for astrophysics applications[C]// 2013 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2013 NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2013.
[28]  Bakkum E A ,  Engelen C ,  Kamermans R , et al. The response of BGO scintillation detectors to light charged particles[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 1984, 225(2):330-334.
[29] M, Moszyński, and, et al. Timing properties of BGO scintillator[J]. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, 1981.
[30]  Cho Z H ,  Lee H S ,  Hong K S . Wedge-shaped BGO scintillation crystal for positron emission tomography: concise communication.[J]. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Official Publication Society of Nuclear Medicine, 1984, 25(8):901-4.
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